Occupied Territories
 
   These are largely Palestinian territories occupied by Israel during the Six-Day War in 1967, in violation of  the ceasefire line of 1948 War when Israel was established. These include East Jerusalem and West Bank from Jordan, Gaza and Sinai from Egypt, and Golan Heights from Syria.

Antimicrobial Resistance

  It is a major public health challenge in which drugs used to treat infections caused by bacteria,viruses,fungi,parasites etc become ineffective due to changes in these micro-organisms.

  Antibiotic Resistance is a narrower term which refers only to bacterial resistance.

  Superbug is a microorganism which has developed resistance to most antimicrobial drugs.

Brexit and the Irish Border Issue
  
  Soft border is one where free movement of people (apart from goods,capital,etc) is allowed without any border checks, in contrast with a hard border where no such free movement is allowed.

  When the UK exits EU, people of Ireland and Northern  Ireland(which is a part of the UK) fear they might lose the soft border that they now have.

  When Ireland became independent in 1922, Northern Ireland chose to remain in the United Kingdom as the majority Protestants in Northern Ireland did not want to join the Catholic majority Ireland.

  Good Friday Agreement of 1998 ended the Irish Republican Army's violent campaign for secession from UK. Apart from empowerment of Norther Ireland, the Agreement also provided for a soft border between Northern Ireland and Ireland.

Concepts in a Nutshell

Biologics 

   Biological products, or simply "biologics", are medicines isolated from various  natural sources or living organisms by means of biotechnology or other cutting-edge technologies.

Biosimilars

   Biosimilar is a follow on medicine of an existing biologic whose patent has expired. It is like a generic drug on a patent-expired chemical drug. Biosimilars have virtually the same efficacy as biologics. Like generics, biosimilars give affordable access to critical life-saving drugs.

Concepts in a Nutshell

Procedure for Removal of CEC and ECs

   Article 324(5) :

            The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) can be removed from office in the same manner and on the same grounds as that of a Supreme Court judge.

            An Election Commissioner (EC) can be removed from office only on the recommendation of the CEC.


Crime in India 2016
           
          It is an annual report on crime data in the country released by the National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs.The NCRB was established in 1986 on the recommendation of the National Police Commission headed by Dharam Vir(1977)


Malnutrition in Children

    Underweight refers to lower weight for age
    Stunting refers to lower height for age
    Wasting refers to lower weight for height

Concepts in a Nutshell

India State Level Disease Burden Initiative

  It is the first report on the burden of various diseases at the level of each state in India. It covers the period between 1990 and 2016. It is a vital data input for state level health planning. Indian Council of Medical Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation,USA, and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare have collaborated on the Report 

Epidemiological Transition 

   In general,underdeveloped countries are characterized by infectious and deficiency diseases, while developed countries are characterized by non-communicable and lifestyle  diseases.The general shift from infectious and deficiency diseases to non-communicable diseases in a society is referred to as Epidemiological Transition. This shift is generally not unidirectional,but overlapping.

Concepts in a Nutshell

Bail - out

    It refers to the resolution of a stressed company generally by a government with tax-payers money. 

Bail-in

    It is the resolution of a stressed company from within. It avoids using tax-payers money to bail out businesses.It is the shareholders and creditors themselves who take a hit on their capital.

National Capital Territory

     It is the name given to the union territory of Delhi under Article 239AA of the Constitution, as amended by the 69th Amendment,1991.

National Capital Region

    It is a planning region comprising the NCT of Delhi and the adjoining areas of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.

Purchasing Managers Index

   It is an index which is constructed from responses given by purchasing managers of businesses.It involves a questionnaire on business prospects this month in contrast with business activity previous month. Out of the three options (better, no change, and worse), one is ticked by purchasing managers. A score above 50 is considered positive, while that below 50 is seen as negative.

  PMI is a lead indicator of economic health, as it hints at possible changes in economic outlook, as against a lag indicator like GDP data which measures actual change after it happens.

National Family Health Survey

   It is a survey conducted across India to gather data on various health and family welfare metrics. International Institute for Population Studies, Mumbai, is the nodal agency for this survey. Beginning with 1992-93, a total of four rounds of NFHS were conducted so far including the latest one in 2015-16.